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what is the evolutionary ancestor to the fungi?

Origin and diversification of fungi through geologic time

The evolution of fungi has been going on since fungi diverged from other life around 1.5 billion years ago,[ane] [2] with the glomaleans branching from the "higher fungi" at ~570 meg years ago, according to DNA analysis. (Schüssler et al., 2001; Tehler et al., 2000)[2] Fungi probably colonized the land during the Cambrian, over 500 million years ago, (Taylor & Osborn, 1996),[2] and possibly 635 one thousand thousand years agone during the Ediacaran,[iii] [4] only terrestrial fossils only become uncontroversial and mutual during the Devonian, 400 meg years ago.[2]

Early development [edit]

Evidence from Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis suggests that all fungi are descended from a nigh recent common ancestor that lived at to the lowest degree ane.ii to 1.five billion years ago. It is probable that these primeval fungi lived in water, and had flagella.[5]

The earliest terrestrial fungus fossils, or at least mucus-like fossils, have been constitute in South Communist china from around 635 meg years ago. The researchers who reported on these fossils suggested that these fungus-like organisms may have played a role in oxygenating Earth'due south atmosphere in the aftermath of the Cryogenian glaciations.[three]

Almost 250 million years ago fungi became arable in many areas, based on the fossil tape, and could even have been the dominant class of life on the earth at that fourth dimension.[v]

Fossil record [edit]

A rich diversity of fungi is known from the lower Devonian Rhynie chert; an earlier record is absent. Since fungi do non biomineralise, they practice not readily enter the fossil record; at that place are but 3 claims of early on fungi. One from the Ordovician[half dozen] has been dismissed on the grounds that it lacks whatever distinctly fungal features, and is held by many to be contamination;[7] the position of a "probable" Proterozoic fungus is still not established,[vii] and it may stand for a stem group fungus. There is also a case for a fungal affinity for the enigmatic microfossil Ornatifilum. Since the fungi form a sister grouping to the animals, the two lineages must take diverged before the first animal lineages, which are known from fossils as early as the Ediacaran.[8]

In contrast to plants and animals, the early fossil record of the fungi is meager. Factors that likely contribute to the nether-representation of fungal species among fossils include the nature of fungal fruiting bodies, which are soft, fleshy, and hands degradable tissues and the microscopic dimensions of most fungal structures, which therefore are not readily evident. Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are about hands identified when they resemble extant fungi.[9] Often recovered from a permineralized plant or animal host, these samples are typically studied by making sparse-section preparations that can be examined with light microscopy or manual electron microscopy.[10] Compression fossils are studied by dissolving the surrounding matrix with acid and then using light or scanning electron microscopy to examine surface details.[eleven]

The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some 2,400 million years ago (Ma); these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis, in which hyphal branches recombine.[12] Other recent studies (2009) judge the arrival of fungal organisms at about 760–1060 Ma on the ground of comparisons of the charge per unit of development in closely related groups.[13] For much of the Paleozoic Era (542–251 Ma), the fungi appear to accept been aquatic and consisted of organisms similar to the extant Chytrids in having flagellum-bearing spores.[14] Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the flagellum was lost early in the evolutionary history of the fungi, and consequently, the majority of fungal species lack a flagellum.[15] The evolutionary adaptation from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle necessitated a diversification of ecological strategies for obtaining nutrients, including parasitism, saprobism, and the development of mutualistic relationships such equally mycorrhiza and lichenization.[xvi] Recent (2009) studies suggest that the ancestral ecological state of the Ascomycota was saprobism, and that independent lichenization events accept occurred multiple times.[17]

In May 2019, scientists reported the discovery of a fossilized fungus, named Ourasphaira giraldae, in the Canadian Chill, that may have grown on land a billion years ago, well earlier plants were living on land.[18] [19] [xx] Earlier, it had been presumed that the fungi colonized the land during the Cambrian (542–488.iii Ma), likewise long before state plants.[ii] Fossilized hyphae and spores recovered from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (460 Ma) resemble modern-day Glomerales, and existed at a time when the land flora likely consisted of only not-vascular bryophyte-like plants.[21] Prototaxites, which was probably a fungus or lichen, would have been the tallest organism of the late Silurian. Fungal fossils exercise not get common and uncontroversial until the early on Devonian (416–359.two Ma), when they are abundant in the Rhynie chert, by and large every bit Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.[ii] [22] [23] At virtually this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged,[24] and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.one–299 Ma).[25]

Lichen-similar fossils have been institute in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635–551 Ma.[26] Lichens were a component of the early terrestrial ecosystems, and the estimated historic period of the oldest terrestrial lichen fossil is 400 Ma;[27] this date corresponds to the age of the oldest known sporocarp fossil, a Paleopyrenomycites species found in the Rhynie Chert.[28] The oldest fossil with microscopic features resembling modernistic-24-hour interval basidiomycetes is Palaeoancistrus, constitute permineralized with a fern from the Pennsylvanian.[29] Rare in the fossil tape are the homobasidiomycetes (a taxon roughly equivalent to the mushroom-producing species of the agaricomycetes). Two amber-preserved specimens provide show that the earliest known mushroom-forming fungi (the extinct species Archaeomarasmius legletti) appeared during the mid-Cretaceous, 90 Ma.[thirty] [31]

Some time after the Permian-Triassic extinction effect (251.4 Ma), a fungal spike (originally thought to be an extraordinary affluence of fungal spores in sediments) formed, suggesting that fungi were the ascendant life form at this time, representing nearly 100% of the available fossil tape for this catamenia.[32] However, the proportion of fungal spores relative to spores formed by algal species is hard to assess,[33] the spike did not appear worldwide,[34] [35] and in many places it did not fall on the Permian-Triassic boundary.[36]

65 1000000 years agone, immediately later on the Cretaceous-3rd (K-T) extinction that famously killed off most dinosaurs, in that location was a dramatic increase in evidence of fungi, plain the death of well-nigh found and beast species led to a huge fungal bloom like "a massive compost heap".[37] The lack of Yard-T extinction in fungal development is likewise supported past molecular data, considering phylogenetic comparative analyses of a tree consist of 5,284 mushroom species (Agaricomycetes) didn't evidence indicate for a mass extinction outcome around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.[38]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi#:~:text=The%20evolution%20of%20fungi%20has,ago%2C%20according%20to%20DNA%20analysis.